What Type Of Animal Is A Seahorse

Genus of fishes

Seahorses Temporal range: Lower Miocene to nowadays – 23–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Short-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Syngnathiformes
Family:	Syngnathidae
Subfamily:	Hippocampinae
Genus:	Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810[1] [2]
Type species
Hippocampus heptagonus Rafinesque, 1810
Species
see Species.
Synonyms
Acentronura Kaup, 1853 Farlapiscis Whitley, 1931[three] Jamsus Ginsburg, 1937 Macleayina Fowler, 1907 Phyllopteryx Swainson 1839

A seahorse (also written sea-horse and sea horse) is any of 46 species of small marine fish in the genus Hippocampus . "Hippocampus" comes from the Ancient Greek hippókampos ( ἱππόκαμπος ), itself from híppos ( ἵππος ) pregnant "horse" and kámpos ( κάμπος ) significant "sea monster"^{[4] [v]} or "bounding main beast".^[6] Having a head and neck suggestive of a horse, seahorses also feature segmented bony armour, an upright posture and a curled prehensile tail.^[7] Along with the pipefishes and seadragons (Phycodurus and Phyllopteryx) they class the family Syngnathidae.

Habitat

Seahorses are mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate salt water throughout the world, from about 45°S to 45°N.^[eight] They live in sheltered areas such as seagrass beds, estuaries, coral reefs, and mangroves. Iv species are found in Pacific waters from North America to South America. In the Atlantic, Hippocampus erectus ranges from Nova Scotia to Uruguay. H. zosterae, known equally the dwarf seahorse, is plant in the Bahama islands.

Colonies have been constitute in European waters such as the Thames Estuary.^[9]

Three species live in the Mediterranean Sea: H. guttulatus (the long-snouted seahorse), H. hippocampus (the brusk-snouted seahorse), and H. fuscus (the sea pony). These species form territories; males stay inside 1 1000² (ten sq ft) of habitat, while females range over most one hundred times that.

Clarification

Seahorses range in size from one.5 to 35.5 cm ( 5⁄8 to 14 in).^[ten] They are named for their equine advent, with bent necks and long snouted heads and a distinctive body and tail. Although they are bony fish, they do not have scales, but rather thin skin stretched over a series of bony plates, which are bundled in rings throughout their bodies. Each species has a distinct number of rings.^[11] The armor of bony plates also protects them against predators,^[12] and because of this outer skeleton, they no longer take ribs.^[13] Seahorses swim upright, propelling themselves using the dorsal fin, another characteristic not shared by their close pipefish relatives, which swim horizontally. Razorfish are the only other fish that swim vertically. The pectoral fins, located on either side of the caput behind their eyes, are used for steering. They lack the caudal fin typical of fishes. Their prehensile tail is composed of square-like rings that tin can be unlocked just in the most farthermost conditions.^[14] They are adept at camouflage, and can grow and reabsorb spiny appendages depending on their habitat.^[fifteen]

Unusually among fish, a seahorse has a flexible, well-divers cervix. It as well sports a crown-like spine or horn on its head, termed a "coronet", which is distinct for each species.^[16]

Seahorses swim very poorly, rapidly fluttering a dorsal fin and using pectoral fins to steer. The slowest-moving fish in the globe is H. zosterae (the dwarf seahorse), with a top speed of about i.v m (5 ft) per hour.^[17] Since they are poor swimmers, they are most likely to exist found resting with their prehensile tail wound around a stationary object. They have long snouts, which they use to suck upwardly nutrient, and their eyes can motility independently of each other like those of a chameleon.^[18]

Development and fossil record

Anatomical evidence, supported by molecular, physical, and genetic evidence, demonstrates that seahorses are highly modified pipefish. The fossil tape of seahorses, however, is very sparse. The best known and all-time studied fossils are specimens of Hippocampus guttulatus (though literature more commonly refers to them under the synonym of H. ramulosus), from the Marecchia River germination of Rimini Province, Italy, dating dorsum to the Lower Pliocene, about 3 million years ago. The earliest known seahorse fossils are of 2 pipefish-like species, H. sarmaticus and H. slovenicus, from the coprolitic horizon of Tunjice Hills, a heart Miocene lagerstätte in Slovenia dating back nigh xiii million years.^[19]

Molecular dating implies that pipefish and seahorses diverged during the Late Oligocene. This has led to speculation that seahorses evolved in response to big areas of shallow water, newly created equally the result of tectonic events. The shallow water would have allowed the expansion of seagrass habitats that served as camouflage for the seahorses' upright posture.^[xx] These tectonic changes occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, pointing to an origin there, with molecular data suggesting ii later, divide invasions of the Atlantic Ocean.^[21] In 2016, a study published in Nature institute the seahorse genome to be the most rapidly evolving fish genome studied so far.^[22]

The evolution of seahorses from pipefish may have been an adaptation related to the biomechanics of casualty capture. The unique posture of the seahorse allows them to capture small shrimps at larger distances than the pipefish is capable of.^[23]

Reproduction

The male seahorse is equipped with a brood pouch on the ventral, or front-facing, side of the tail. When mating, the female seahorse deposits upwardly to ane,500 eggs in the male's pouch. The male carries the eggs for 9 to 45 days until the seahorses emerge fully developed, but very small. The young are so released into the water, and the male oftentimes mates again inside hours or days during the breeding flavour.^[24]

Courting

Before breeding, seahorses may court for several days. Scientists believe the courting behavior synchronizes the animals' movements and reproductive states, so that the male tin receive the eggs when the female is ready to deposit them. During this time, they may alter color, swim side by side holding tails or grip the same strand of bounding main grass with their tails, and wheel around in unison in what is known every bit a "predawn dance". They somewhen engage in a "true courtship trip the light fantastic" lasting about 8 hours, during which the male pumps water through the egg pouch on his trunk which expands and opens to display its emptiness. When the female's eggs attain maturity, she and her mate let go of any anchors and drift upward snout-to-snout, out of the ocean grass, ofttimes spiraling as they rise. They interact for about half dozen minutes, reminiscent of courtship. The female and then swims abroad until the side by side morning, and the male returns to sucking upward food through his snout.^[25] The female person inserts her ovipositor into the male'southward breed pouch and deposits dozens to thousands of eggs. As the female releases her eggs, her trunk slims while his swells. Both animals then sink back into the sea grass and she swims away.^[26]

Phases of courtship

Seahorses exhibit four phases of courtship that are indicated by articulate behavioral changes and changes in the intensity of the courtship human activity. Phase 1, the initial courtship phase, typically takes place in the early on morning 1 or ii days before physical copulation. During this phase the potential mates brighten in colour, quiver, and display rapid side-to-side torso vibrations. These displays are performed alternately past both the male and the female seahorse. The following phases, 2 through 4, happen sequentially on the day of copulation. Stage ii is marked past the female pointing, a behaviour in which the female will raise her head to form an oblique angle with her body. In stage 3 males will also brainstorm the same pointing behaviour in response to the female. Finally, the male person and female volition repeatedly rising upwards together in a water cavalcade and end in mid-water copulation, in which the female will transfer her eggs directly into the male's breed pouch.^[27]

Stage 1: Initial courtship

This initial courtship behaviour takes place about xxx minutes later on dawn on each courtship day, until the 24-hour interval of copulation. During this stage the males and females volition remain apart during the dark, but after dawn they will come together in a side-past-side position, brighten, and appoint in courting behaviour for about 2 to 38 minutes. There is repeated reciprocal quivering. This starts when the male approaches the female, brightens and begins to quiver. The female volition follow the male with her own brandish, in which she will likewise brighten and quiver almost 5 seconds later. As the male quivers, he volition rotate his body towards the female who will then rotate her body away. During phase 1 the tails of both seahorses are positioned within i cm of each other on the aforementioned agree-fast and both of their bodies are angled slightly outward from the betoken of zipper. However, the female person volition shift her tail attachment site, causing the pair to circle their mutual hold-fast.^[27]

Phase 2: Pointing and pumping

This phase begins with the female offset her pointing posture, by leaning her trunk towards the male, who will simultaneously lean abroad and quiver. This phase can concluding up to 54 minutes. Following stage two is a latency flow (typically between xxx minutes and four hours), during which the seahorses display no courting behaviour and females are not bright; males will usually display a pumping move with their trunk.^[27]

Phase 3: Pointing – pointing

Seahorses in Stage 2 of courtship

The tertiary phase begins with the females brightening and assuming the pointing position. The males respond with their own brightening and pointing display. This phase ends with the male departing. It normally lasts nine minutes and can occur ane to six times during courtship.^[27]

Stage 4: Rise and copulation

The final courting phase includes v-8 bouts of courtship. Each bout of courting begins with both the male and female anchored to the same plant near 3 cm autonomously; usually they are facing each other and are still vivid in color from the previous phase. During the start bout, following the facing behaviour, the seahorses volition ascent upward together anywhere from 2 to 13 cm in a water cavalcade. During the final rise the female volition insert her ovipositor and transfer her eggs though an opening into the male'south brood pouch.^[27]

Fertilization

During fertilization in Hippocampus kuda the brood pouch was found to be open for only vi seconds while egg deposition occurred. During this fourth dimension seawater entered the pouch where the spermatozoa and eggs encounter in a seawater milieu. This hyperosmotic environment facilitates sperm activation and motility. The fertilization is therefore regarded as being physiologically 'external' within a physically 'internal' surroundings after the closure of the pouch.^[28] Information technology is believed that this protected form of fertilization reduces sperm competition amidst males. Inside the Syngnathidae (pipefishes and seahorses) protected fertilization has not been documented in the pipefishes but the lack of whatsoever distinct differences in the relation of testes size to trunk size suggests that pipefishes may also accept evolved mechanisms for more efficient fertilization with reduced sperm competition.^[29]

Gestation

Seahorses in Phase iv of courtship

The fertilized eggs are then embedded in the pouch wall and become surrounded by a spongy tissue.^[30] The male supplies the eggs with prolactin, the same hormone responsible for milk production in pregnant mammals. The pouch provides oxygen,^[31] likewise as a controlled environment incubator. Though the egg yolk contributes nourishment to the developing embryo, the male sea horses contribute additional nutrients such as free energy-rich lipids and likewise calcium to let them to build their skeletal system, past secreting them into the brood pouch that are absorbed by the embryos. Further they also offer immunological protection, osmoregulation, gas exchange and waste product transport.^[32]

The eggs then hatch in the pouch, where the salinity of the water is regulated; this prepares the newborns for life in the sea.^{[25] [33] [34]} Throughout gestation, which in about species requires two to iv weeks, his mate visits him daily for "morning greetings".

Nascency

The number of young released by the male seahorse averages 100–1000 for almost species, but may exist every bit low every bit v for the smaller species, or as high every bit ii,500.^[30] When the fry are ready to be built-in, the male expels them with muscular contractions. He typically gives birth at night and is set for the next batch of eggs past morning when his mate returns. Like almost all other fish species, seahorses do not nurture their young after nativity. Infants are susceptible to predators or ocean currents which wash them away from feeding grounds or into temperatures besides extreme for their delicate bodies. Less than 0.5% of infants survive to adulthood, explaining why litters are so large. These survival rates are actually adequately high compared to other fish, because of their protected gestation, making the process worth the neat price to the father. The eggs of most other fish are abandoned immediately after fertilization.^[34]

Reproductive roles

Reproduction is energetically costly to the male. This brings into question why the sexual role reversal even takes place. In an environment where one partner incurs more energy costs than the other, Bateman'south principle suggests that the lesser correspondent takes the role of the aggressor. Male person seahorses are more aggressive and sometimes "fight" for female attention. According to Amanda Vincent of Project Seahorse, only males tail-wrestle and snap their heads at each other. This discovery prompted further study of energy costs. To gauge the female's directly contribution, researchers chemically analyzed the energy stored in each egg. To mensurate the burden on the males, oxygen consumption was used. By the cease of incubation, the male consumed almost 33% more oxygen than earlier mating. The study concluded that the female person'south energy expenditure while generating eggs is twice that of males during incubation, confirming the standard hypothesis.^[25]

Why the male person seahorse (and other members of the Syngnathidae) carries the offspring through gestation is unknown, though some researchers believe it allows for shorter birthing intervals, in turn resulting in more than offspring.^[35] Given an unlimited number of ready and willing partners, males have the potential to produce 17% more offspring than females in a breeding season. Likewise, females have "fourth dimension-outs" from the reproductive cycle 1.2 times longer than those of males. This seems to be based on mate selection, rather than physiology. When the female person's eggs are ready, she must lay them in a few hours or eject them into the water cavalcade. Making eggs is a huge cost to her physically, since they corporeality to almost a third of her torso weight. To protect against losing a clutch, the female demands a long courting. The daily greetings help to cement the bail between the pair.^[36]

Monogamy

Though seahorses are not known to mate for life, many species form pair bonds that last through at least the breeding season. Some species show a higher level of mate fidelity than others.^{[37] [38]} However, many species readily switch mates when the opportunity arises. H. abdominalis and H. breviceps have been shown to breed in groups, showing no continuous mate preference. Many more species' mating habits accept not been studied, so it is unknown how many species are really monogamous, or how long those bonds really terminal.^[39]

Although monogamy within fish is non common, it does announced to exist for some. In this instance, the mate-guarding hypothesis may be an explanation. This hypothesis states, "males remain with a single female because of ecological factors that make male parental care and protection of offspring especially advantageous."^[twoscore] Because the rates of survival for newborn seahorses are then low, incubation is essential. Though not proven, males could have taken on this part because of the lengthy menses the females crave to produce their eggs. If males incubate while females prepare the next clutch (amounting to a tertiary of body weight), they can reduce the interval betwixt clutches.^{[ citation needed ]}

Feeding habits

Seahorses rely on stealth to deadfall small prey such equally copepods. They utilise pivot feeding to catch the copepod, which involves rotating their snout at high speed and then sucking in the copepod.^[41]

Seahorses use their long snouts to consume their food with ease. Withal, they are slow to consume their food and have extremely simple digestive systems that lack a stomach, so they must eat constantly to stay alive.^[42] Seahorses are not very good swimmers, and for this reason they need to anchor themselves to seaweed, coral or anything else that will ballast the seahorse in place. They practice this by using their prehensile tails to grasp their object of choice.^[43] Seahorses feed on small crustaceans floating in the h2o or crawling on the bottom. With excellent camouflage seahorses ambush casualty that floats within hitting range, sitting and waiting until an optimal moment.^[42] Mysid shrimp and other small crustaceans are favorites, only some seahorses accept been observed eating other kinds of invertebrates and even larval fish. In a study of seahorses, the distinctive head morphology was found to give them a hydrodynamic advantage that creates minimal interference while approaching an evasive casualty. Thus the seahorse can get very close to the copepods on which it preys.^{[41] [44]} After successfully closing in on the prey without alerting information technology, the seahorse gives an upward thrust and rapidly rotates the head aided by large tendons that store and release elastic energy, to bring its long snout shut to the prey. This footstep is crucial for casualty capture, every bit oral suction only works at a shut range. This two-stage prey capture mechanism is termed pivot-feeding.^{[44] [45]} Seahorses have three distinctive feeding phases: preparatory, expansive, and recovery. During the preparatory phase, the seahorse slowly approaches the prey while in an upright position, later on which it slowly flexes its head ventrally. In the expansive stage, the seahorse captures its prey by simultaneously elevating its head, expanding the buccal cavity, and sucking in the prey detail. During the recovery stage, the jaws, head, and hyoid apparatus of the seahorse render to their original positions.^[46]

The amount of available cover influences the seahorse'south feeding behaviour. For example, in wild areas with small amounts of vegetation, seahorses volition sit and expect, but an environment with extensive vegetation will prompt the seahorse to inspect its environment, feeding while pond rather than sitting and waiting. Conversely, in an aquarium setting with fiddling vegetation, the seahorse will fully inspect its environment and makes no attempt to sit and wait.^[47]

Seahorse hiding using camouflage

Threats of extinction

Because information is lacking on the sizes of the various seahorse populations, too equally other problems including how many seahorses are dying each twelvemonth, how many are being born, and the number used for souvenirs, there is insufficient information to assess their take a chance of extinction, and the risk of losing more than seahorses remains a business. Some species, such equally the Paradoxical Seahorse, H. paradoxus, may already exist extinct.^{[ citation needed ]} Coral reefs and seagrass beds are deteriorating, reducing viable habitats for seahorses.^[48] Additionally, bycatch in many areas causes high cumulative effects on seahorses, with an estimated 37 million individuals being removed annually over 21 countries.^[49]

Aquaria

While many aquarium hobbyists keep them as pets, seahorses collected from the wild tend to fare poorly in habitation aquaria. Many eat but live foods such equally brine shrimp and are prone to stress, which amercement their immune systems and makes them susceptible to disease.^{[ citation needed ]}

In recent years, however, convict breeding has become more than pop. Such seahorses survive better in captivity, and are less probable to deport diseases. They consume frozen mysidacea (crustaceans) that are readily bachelor from aquarium stores,^[50] and do not experience the stress of moving out of the wild. Although captive-bred seahorses are more expensive, they take no toll on wild populations.

Seahorses should be kept in an aquarium with depression period and placid tank mates. They are boring feeders, and so fast, ambitious feeders will get out them without food.^[50] Seahorses can coexist with many species of shrimp and other bottom-feeding creatures. Gobies also make skillful tank-mates. Keepers are generally advised to avoid eels, tangs, triggerfish, squid, octopus, and sea anemones.^[51]

Water quality is very important for the survival of seahorses in an aquarium. They are delicate species which should not be added to a new tank. The water parameters are recommended to exist equally follows although these fish may acclimatise to unlike water over fourth dimension:

• Temperature: 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
• pH: eight.1–8.4
• Ammonia: 0 mg/l (0 ppm) (0.01 mg/l (0.01 ppm) may exist tolerated for short periods)
• Nitrite: 0 mg/fifty (0 ppm) (0.125 mg/l (0.125 ppm) may be tolerated for brusk periods)
• S.G.: one.021–1.024 at 23–24 °C (73–75 °F)^{[ citation needed ]}

A water-quality problem volition touch on fish behaviour and tin can exist shown by clamped fins, reduced feeding, erratic swimming, and gasping at the surface.^[52] Seahorses swim upwards and downward, also as using the length of the aquarium. Therefore, the tanks should ideally be twice every bit deep every bit the length of the adult seahorse.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Animals sold as "freshwater seahorses" are usually the closely related pipefish, of which a few species live in the lower reaches of rivers. The supposed true "freshwater seahorse" called H. aimei is not a valid species, but a synonym sometimes used for Barbour'south and hedgehog seahorses. The latter, which is frequently confused with the former, can exist institute in estuarine environments, simply is not actually a freshwater fish.^[53]

Use in Chinese medicine

Seahorse populations are thought to exist endangered as a result of overfishing and habitat destruction. Despite a lack of scientific studies or clinical trials,^{[54] [55]} the consumption of seahorses is widespread in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily in connexion with impotence, wheezing, nocturnal enuresis, and pain, besides as labor induction.^[56] Up to twenty million seahorses may exist defenseless each yr to be sold for such uses.^[57] Preferred species of seahorses include H. kellogii, H. histrix, H. kuda, H. trimaculatus, and H. mohnikei.^[56] Seahorses are as well consumed by Indonesians, central Filipinos, and many other ethnic groups^{[ citation needed ]}.

Import and export of seahorses has been controlled under CITES since fifteen May 2004. However, Republic of indonesia, Japan, Kingdom of norway, and Republic of korea have called to opt out of the trade rules fix by CITES.

The trouble may be exacerbated by the growth of pills and capsules equally the preferred method of ingesting seahorses. Pills are cheaper and more bachelor than traditional, individually tailored prescriptions of whole seahorses, but the contents are harder to rails. Seahorses once had to be of a certain size and quality before they were accepted by TCM practitioners and consumers. Declining availability of the preferred large, pale, and shine seahorses has been offset by the shift towards prepackaged preparations, which makes it possible for TCM merchants to sell previously unused, or otherwise undesirable juvenile, spiny, and dark-coloured animals. Today, almost a third of the seahorses sold in Prc are packaged, adding to the pressure on the species.^[58] Stale seahorse retails from United states$600 to $3000 per kilogram, with larger, paler, and smoother animals commanding the highest prices. In terms of value based on weight, seahorses retail for more than than the price of silvery and almost that of aureate in Asia.^[59]

Species

Based on the newest overall taxonomic review^[60] of the genus Hippocampus with farther new species and fractional taxonomic review,^{[61] [62] [63] [64]} the number of recognized species in this genus is considered to be 46 (retrieved May 2020):

H. kuda, known as the "common seahorse"

• Hippocampus abdominalis Lesson, 1827 (big-belly seahorse)
• Hippocampus algiricus Kaup, 1856 (W African seahorse)
• Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870 (narrow-bellied seahorse)
• Hippocampus barbouri Jordan & Richardson, 1908 (Barbour's seahorse)
• Hippocampus bargibanti Whitley, 1970 (pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869 (curt-headed seahorse)
• Hippocampus camelopardalis Bianconi, 1854 (giraffe seahorse)
• Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900 (Knysna seahorse)
• Hippocampus casscsio Zhang, Qin, Wang & Lin, 2016 ^[62] (Beibu Bay seahorse)
• Hippocampus colemani Kuiter, 2003 (Coleman's pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus comes Cantor, 1850 (tiger-tail seahorse)
• Hippocampus coronatus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 (crowned seahorse)
• Hippocampus dahli J. D. Ogilby, 1908 (lowcrown seahorse)
• Hippocampus debelius Gomon & Kuiter, 2009 (softcoral seahorse)
• Hippocampus denise Lourie & Randall, 2003 (Denise's pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 (lined seahorse)
• Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann, 1903 (Fisher's seahorse)
• Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829 (long-snouted seahorse)
• Hippocampus haema Han, Kim, Kai & Senou, 2017 ^[63] (Korean seahorse)
• Hippocampus hippocampus (Linnaeus, 1758) (short-snouted seahorse)
• Hippocampus histrix Kaup, 1856 (spiny seahorse)
• Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858 (Pacific seahorse)
• Hippocampus japapigu Curt, R. Smith, Motomura, Harasti & H. Hamilton, 2018 ^[61] (Japanese pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus jayakari Boulenger, 1900 (Jayakar'southward seahorse)
• Hippocampus jugumus Kuiter, 2001 (collared seahorse)
• Hippocampus kelloggi Jordan & Snyder, 1901 (keen seahorse)
• Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852 (spotted seahorse)
• Hippocampus minotaur Gomon, 1997 (bullneck seahorse)
• Hippocampus mohnikei Bleeker, 1854 (Japanese seahorse)
• Hippocampus nalu Short, Claassens, R. Smith, De Brauwer, H. Hamilton, Stat & Harasti, 2020 ^[64] (South African pygmy seahorse or Sodwana pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus paradoxus Foster & Gomon, 2010 (paradoxical seahorse)
• Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004 (Patagonian seahorse)
• Hippocampus planifrons Peters, 1877 (flatface seahorse, false-eye seahorse)
• Hippocampus pontohi Lourie & Kuiter, 2008 (Pontoh'south pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus pusillus Fricke, 2004 (pygmy thorny seahorse)
• Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933 (longsnout seahorse)
• Hippocampus satomiae Lourie & Kuiter, 2008 (Satomi'due south pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus sindonis Jordan & Snyder, 1901 (Sindo's seahorse)
• Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913 (hedgehog seahorse)
• Hippocampus subelongatus Castelnau, 1873 (Due west Australian seahorse)
• Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814 (longnose seahorse)
• Hippocampus tyro Randall & Lourie, 2009 (Tyro seahorse)
• Hippocampus waleananus Gomon & Kuiter, 2009 ^[61] (Walea soft coral pygmy seahorse)
• Hippocampus whitei Bleeker, 1855 (White's seahorse)
• Hippocampus zebra Whitley, 1964 (zebra seahorse)
• Hippocampus zosterae Hashemite kingdom of jordan & Gilbert, 1882 (dwarf seahorse)

Pygmy seahorses

Pygmy seahorses are those members of the genus that are less than fifteen mm ( 9⁄sixteen  in) alpine and 17 mm ( eleven⁄16  in) wide. Previously the term was applied exclusively to the species H. bargibanti but since 1997, discoveries take fabricated this usage obsolete. The species H. minotaur, H. denise, H. colemani, H. pontohi, H. severnsi, H. satomiae, H. waleananus, H. nalu, H. japapigu take been described. Other species that are believed to exist unclassified have likewise been reported in books, dive magazines and on the Internet. They tin can be distinguished from other species of seahorse by their 12 trunk rings, depression number of tail rings (26–29), the location in which immature are brooded in the torso region of males and their extremely small size.^[65] Molecular analysis (of ribosomal RNA) of 32 Hippocampus species found that H. bargibanti belongs in a separate clade from other members of the genus and therefore that the species diverged from the other species in the ancient past.^[66]

Most pygmy seahorses are well camouflaged and live in close association with other organisms including colonial hydrozoans (Lytocarpus and Antennellopsis), coralline algae (Halimeda) body of water fans (Muricella, Annella, Acanthogorgia). This combined with their small size accounts for why most species accept simply been noticed and classified since 2001.^{[65] [67]}

Run into as well

• Caterpillar

References

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Further reading

• Amanda C.J. Vincent & Laila M. Sadler (1995). "Faithful pair bonds in wild seahorse, Hippocampus whitei". Animal Behaviour. 50 (6): 1557–69. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5. S2CID 53192875.
• Amanda C.J. Vincent (1995). "A office for daily greetings in maintaining seahorse pair bonds". Animal Behaviour. 49: 258–260. doi:x.1016/0003-3472(95)80178-2. S2CID 54391512.
• Amanda C.J. Vincent (1990). "A seahorse father makes a good female parent". Natural History. 12: 34–43.
• Amanda C.J. Vincent & Rosie Woodroffe (1994). "Mothers fiddling helpers: patterns of male care in mammals". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 9 (8): 294–seven. doi:x.1016/0169-5347(94)90033-vii. PMID 21236858.
• John Sparks (1999). Battle of the Sexes: The Natural History of Sex . London: BBC Books. ISBN978-0-563-37145-eight.
• Sara A. Lourie, Amanda C.J. Vincent and Heather J. Hall (1999). Seahorses: An Identification Guide to the World's Species and their Conversation. London: Projection Seahorse.
• Teske, Peter R.; Hamilton, Healy; Matthee, Conrad A.; Barker, Nigel P. (15 August 2007). "Signatures of seaway closures and founder dispersal in the phylogeny of a circumglobally distributed seahorse lineage". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 138. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-138. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC1978501. PMID 17697373.

External links

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seahorse

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